Ferdowsi’ s Shahnameh is one of the greatest epic poems in the world. The outstanding values of this poem have not been hidden from the painters of different periods and they have drawn illustrations for many stories of Shahnameh. The combat of Rostam and Sohrab has been one of the most interesting themes for these painters. Due to the existence of different layers of meaning in Shahnameh, Shahnameh painting also provides very valuable raw materials for identifying signs and codes. In fact, the science of semiotics provides us with the ability to identify and reread these drawings to better understand this outstanding work. Considering the importance of characterization in the story of Rostam and Sohrab and the design of icons which are in appropriate accordance to the prominent characters in paintings, this study tries to semiotically analyze the most important character of Shahnameh, namely Rostam in the paintings of different periods. Since in Pierce’ s semiotic method a sign is treated as having three dimensions and the role of the interpreter and his perception of “ interpretation” is given importance, 15 drawings from this section of Shahnameh are selected and analyzed from the point of view of this thinker. This research is fundamental in terms of its goal; has a descriptive-analytical nature and lean on field and documentary methods for collecting data. At the end, it is concluded that painters’ connection with the subject of the story and the way they depict them have to do with hearing the story, receiving its linguistic-spoken messages, reading the text of the story through linguistic-textual messages, and seeing pre-existing images. The final outcome is formed and transferred to the audience with the intervention of the individual painter’ s thought and creativity and the use of visual elements (both text and image) in the form of drawings. Generally, in order to introduce Rustam to their audience, painters have often used signs with a conventional relationship in the symbolic aspect and cause and effect relationship in the index aspect.

The present work sets as its objective to explore iconic motivation in the grammatical system of Modern Persian and its linguistic consequences. The cases in Modern Persian which come in this article under scrutiny are 1) the distribution of the verbal agreement marker - known as sheniise in Persian grammar - on verbs 2) past tense form and its time reference 3) passivization and the structure of sentences with non-predicative I linking verbs - called esnadi (in traditional grammatical terms esmiyye - i.e.nominal) sentences in Modern Persian and 4) complexpredicates. It will be demonstrated that in all the 4 areas mentioned, the grammatical system exhibits iconicity, especially in its diagrammatic form, between the grammatical structure and the conceptual structure of meaning or experience. As such, the article will establish a new outlook to the analysis and description of the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitute the specific outcomes of the analysis presented in the present work: 1. The auxiliary verb-main verb combination in Modern Persian forms a continuum, along which the grammatical dynamicity of the verb varies from the least dynamic - least verbal and more nominal in form - to the most dynamic - most the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitutverbal and least nominal. This dynamicity is formally realized by the (lack ot) the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitutoccurrence of shenase - the agreement marker of person and number with the grammaticalsubject of the sentence,which is attached to the end of the verb. However, the dynamicity is a reflection of the conceptual structure of meaning or experience. 2. Tense system in Modern Persian is more aspect-bound rather than time-bound. 3. There is a least common 4-enominator in the formation of passives and the so-called esnadi, i.e. linking, sentences with non-predicative verbs in Modern Persian: affected thematic structure. 4. The grammatical behavior of a complex verb in Modern Persian is a consequence of the type of its formation and the internal relation between the constituting elements, with the lower level being there no clash between the constitutive elements in terms of conceptual construct, and the higher level being a convergence in their conceptual properties.

In Persian, here are a set of limited number of body part terms which form an open class with a range of different transparent to opaue meanings. The members of this set can be classified into two main categories of: referential and nonreferential body part terms.This study tries to investigate how the terms are converted from one type to another in terms of meaning, structure, and morphosyntactic features. The result of this comariso showed a kind of diagrammatic iconicity between the changes in the two levels of form and meaning.

In the fictional works of Shirzad Hassan, one of the famous contemporary writers of Iraqi Kurdistan, social themes, especially the position of the family institution and the relations between its members, are very prominent. This study seeks to investigate the position of women in Shirzad Hassan's three index novels, and the author has studied descriptive-analytical methods and library tools to examine family and emotional relationships, especially the image of women and common perceptions and beliefs about it in society. In the naturalist novel My Father's Fence and Dogs, he describes the suffering and depiction of the black world of families living under the domination of a patriarchal system, each of whom is struggling in some way with mental health issues. In the realist novel, a woman above the minaret pays attention to the issue of desecration of girls from a psychological and sociological perspective, and the author tries to take a psychological view of this issue and its effects and feedback on the psyche of young girls who are desecrated. In the romantic novel NaturDarreh, he deals with the Platonic love of schoolgirls and boys and examines the influence of the patriarchal and authoritarian system on the formation of personality and the emergence of mental illnesses. The results of this study indicate that Shirzad Hassan considers cultural poverty to be much more dangerous than economic issues and he believes that by highlighting society's misconceptions about emotional relationships between family members, in order to change the views of their people. He take a few steps towards this key issue.

Introduction: One of the main challenging issues in cognitive science is the role of attention in consciousness. It is generally believed that attention is essential for consciousness. However, some s tudies have shown in some conditions, such as iconic memory, consciousness happens without attention. In previous s tudies, using iconic memory dual tasks in which attention is locally diverted to peripheral task in order to examine consciousness in the central task has caused the problem of expectation and previous knowledge in perception of the s timuli. The purpose of the present study was to tes t attention necessity for consciousness in iconic memory using the modified Stroop paradigm. Materials and Methods: Thirty Participants subjects were selected and randomly assigned to the partial and whole report groups. Results: Participants had significantly more correct responses in the partial group compared to the whole report group both in congruent and incongruent conditions. This indicates that attentional bias to word processing in incongruent conditions did not affect the correct responses compared to congruent conditions. Conclusion: Attention is not necessary for consciousness in iconic memory.

Background: Urban elements play a significant role in the formation, transformation and reproduction of urban identity. They also predispose the context to the emergence of signs and symbols. Signs could appear in various forms in the urban space, affecting the visibility and activity of the city as well as the persistence of its image in the audiences' minds. Urban volumes are part of urban art and graphic, which their visual and contextual quality affect urban spaces. The current study seeks to understand the function of urban elements in creating an urban identity through the nostalgic approach. It also tries to see how communicating process of signs in urban volumes in relation to the audience is. Objectives: The current study considers the analysis of the elements of Rasht city through a nostalgic approach. It also studies the process of formation of Icons, Hypericons and Hypoicons in the selected examples. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of gathering materials is a combination of library studies and field observations, and the data analysis is qualitative. Results: Results suggest that a sense of nostalgia is created by the use of elements and volumes derived from art and culture in the urban environment as parts of the city identity. Conclusion: The association of nostalgia can be found in some of the Rasht sculptures which have historical and cultural themes. Some sculptures in the city of Rasht, referring to the indigenous nature, traditional jobs and occupations, historical monuments as well as epic and heroic events, create a sense of belonging and place in the audience.

Present-and past perfect paradigms are commonly thought of as having the perfect aspect. Examining the concept of tense and aspect along with their definitions, the present study argues that what is often referred to as the perfect aspect in Persian is essentially a temporal concept. Taking into consideration the reference-, event-, and speech points, the study shows that the reference point comes necessarily after the event point in the case of the present-and the past perfect as well as their variants. In other words, this indicates the continuing relevance of a previous situation. Since this concept does not entail the completeness of the event, referring to it as “, perfect”,would be inaccurate. For this reason, the present study proposes the term the anterior tense as a substitute for the perfect aspect. The authors emphasize the significance of the reference situation in determination of grammatical tenses by referring to the function of temporal adverbs and participles. Participles, as independent words, are present in the structures of deverbal adjectives, perfect verbs, passive verbs, complex predicates, and attributive expressions. In all these functions, the morpheme of “,-te/-de”,represents the anterior tense. Reexamining the previous approaches, the present study reveals that tense, in addition to representing the reference and speech situations in the form of the trichotomy of present/past/future, represents the reference and event situations as well. In other words, tense of a verb encompasses both the trichotomy of past/present/future and the dichotomy of anterior/non-anterior.

In description of the concept of identity and communications and their feed back toward city, what required an independent and comprehensive debate, is a following questionnaire of the physical aspect of city and identity, however, a question evokes that whether this is physical aspect of city following identity or identity following physical aspect? This paper pointing some definitions and concepts related to the concept of identity, probes into this fundamental question. In current study, analytic-descriptive research method is applied so as to find an answer for the question regarding "logical reasoning". Forwards and in a logical and deductive reasoning approach, it studies the presentational issue.Results of the current study indicate that identity of city is somewhat innate and internal affecting the physical aspect of city, and as a result, physical façade of those cities dependent on a specific culture and ideology become different from those of other cultures and structures. In fact it lies in a mutual relation that the physical aspect of city is shaped and then existing physical aspect causes continually and alterations and consequently sustainable changes in identity concepts and components of a state.

The inability to conceive children is experienced as a stressful situation by couples all around the world and infertility is a devastating experience, especially for women. Evidences indicate important QOL impairments in infertile women. Among men, it does not appear to be intense. Also little attention has been paid to the psychological status of infertile men from developing countries who have been traditionally stigmatized as feeble and ineffective. The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Health professionals need to consider all aspects of holistic care when caring for couple with fertility problems, Cultural; psychological, religious and spiritual dimensions of infertility have received little attention in our society. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. The medicalization of infertility has unwillingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood. Evidence is emerging of an association between stress of fertility treatment and patient drop-out and pregnancy rates.Fortunately, psychological interventions have been shown to have beneficial effects for infertility patients.